Finding the Tea Pad: The Social Spaces of Casual Marijuana Use
In my previous posts, I began to ask questions about how to find user voices in the archives. In my last post, I moved to a more direct discussion of sources from actual users — jazz musicians– and their relevance to social history methods. But I haven’t yet raised the bigger question: how did everyday users contribute to the historical record on cannabis use during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century? In another speculative exercise, using a combination of disparate source material, I will begin to lay out the foundation of an answer to this question. Further research in this area, connected to my dissertation project, will hopefully crystallize into a more workable hypothesis about casual marijuana use during this period.
Until recently, scholars dismissed evidence of widespread marijuana use before 1930. For the most part, this was motivated by the much larger and more politically relevant focus on alcohol prohibition and opiate regulation during the same period. Perhaps the most influential work on marijuana was written by legal scholars Bonnie and Whitebread; in 1970, they revisited the so-called “Anslinger thesis,” the argument that Harry J. Anslinger played an influential role in building the anti-marijuana consensus during the 1930s. Other scholars problematized the familiar gender, racial and class stereotypes about marijuana users.
Problematize these stereotypes, but acknowledge that users existed!
But a failure to acknowledge a dedicated, though small-scale, marijuana-using community in large cities during the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century leaves significant gaps in the story. I want to fill these gaps by looking a bit deeper into the marijuana-using community on its own terms, in order to provide a bit of context free from essentializing formulations. The earliest bits of evidence, shared elsewhere on Points, are from nineteenth century literary figures and medical practitioners in Europe and the United States.
Beyond these more esoteric descriptions of marijuana use, the published record also suggests that marijuana was a social drug and an illicit economy grew up around its use. Media sources offer a new perspective and avenues for analysis. Through careful critical readings of published sources, we can begin to see the marijuana-using community take shape. Authorities, media figures, and activists were all keen on stigmatizing some groups as likely candidates for marijuana peddlers. Patrols and beat reporters focused on street vendors, small groceries, and tenement dwellings, and on working-class African-American and Hispanic men.
Tamale Stands, a prime target for dope police.
Indeed, the majority of newspaper reports in the New York Times between 1922 and 1938 reinforced these stereotypes. But other areas of concern– particularly the behavior of military personnel and government workers (especially those in the Civilian Conservation Corps and Works Progress Administration) and fears about the safety of children– also crystallized media attention on a different type of marijuana using community, one more distinctly middle class and white. Several stories appeared about raids on homes operated by adult men and women and filled with youthful marijuana smokers, and about arrests of peddlers at CCC camps and Fort Dix. While the racial profile of other arrestees were emphasized in many stories, in these stories a racial profile was not mentioned– except to say that these operations were likely directed by organized crime, or due to the influence of racial others.
By recognizing these silences, it is possible to discover an entirely hidden marijuana using community, one much more diverse and open than previously assumed. To be fair, historians have acknowledged the existence of “tea-pads,” –spaces, often in private residences, in which marijuana was served to paying customers– in their works. Martin Booth devoted an small section of his history of marijuana to the tea pad, and Ernest Abel suggested that there may have been more tea pads than speakeasies at the height of Prohibition.
Two specific articles, published in 1883 and 1938, suggest a longer history of tea pads and inspire more research on this topic. Herbert Kane, an investigative journalist who became a popular writer through his work on Chinese opium dens in the 1870s, wrote the famous “A Hashish-House in New York” for Harper’s Monthly. The article itself follows a moralistic template common to the period. Starting with a vivid description of the exoticism of the décor and clientele, he whimsically describes his ritual use of the drug and the “hashish dream” that followed, a dream that whisked Kane away to the brink of madness before being rescued by his companion and coming back down to earth (literally, the streets of New York) at the end of the article.
Despite the sensational tone of the article, we can still pick up on important elements that can be used to construct the social space of the tea pad. Kane’s companion is clearly familiar with the community as he guides the author through the secret entrance and through the various rituals within. Kane is clearly an outsider, pointing to the exclusivity of the space. Its exclusivity seems only limited to the drug use inside, as the clientele seemed to be a pretty diverse mix of both men and women, “native whites” and “foreigners.” Kane described the clients as being “of the better classes.”
While the Hashish House in New York evokes images of the Club des Hashischins in Paris from the mid-nineteenth century (had it been an actual social club) there seems to be evidence of similar establishments in a number of cities in the United States. In the classic oral history collection Addicts Who Survivedseveral of the interviewed subjects recalled similar experiences during the early twentieth century. “John,” recalled frequenting tea pads for the social experience, “When I was a kid, we used to go to a reefer pad and buy [marijuana] and smoke in the pad. We’d sit there listening to a jukebox or a phonograph. We’d listen all day. We’d spend maybe six, seven hours in there smoking.” It also appears that, in order to maintain the appropriate ambiance, users of other drugs were not allowed in. John added, “there was a separation between marijuana and the heroin. The coke was separate too. You’d go to another place.” “Janet,” recalled the open nature of the tea-pad, “All those places were wide open, like you’re walking into Grand Central. I used to go up and smoke all the time.”
Meyer Berger
So by the twentieth century, and specifically during the 1930s, the tea pad seems to have become less insular. This is especially surprising in the context of reefer madness. And in 1938, an investigative journalist for The New Yorker offered some perspective on the thirties pads by visiting “Chappy’s Pad,” on 140th street in Harlem, with a female companion. Located in a tenement apartment, he described Chappy’s place as “a middle-class pad – four rooms with nine couches set against the cracked, cream-colored walls, with a few limp easy chairs to handle the overflow.” A faint blue light emanating from a phonograph jukebox playing “special recordings with weird ritualistic themes” illuminated one of the rooms. Chappy served two types of marijuana user: some purchased their marijuana cigarettes at the door and smoked outside or in their own homes; others, who paid a premium for “wear and tear on [his] furniture and for atmosphere and rent,” enjoyed their smoke inside.
I am continuing the search for additional evidence of tea pads, their culture, and the knowledge networks that supplied these places with cannabis to sell and people to use the drug. I am open to suggestions and feedback on this question in the comments below.
Social History of Marijuana
Between 1850 and 1937 marijuana was widely used throughout United States as a medicinal drug and could easily be purchased in pharmacies and general stores. Recreational use was limited in the US until after the Mexican Revolution of 1910, when an influx of Mexican immigrants introduced the habit.
The Volstead Act of 1920, which raised the price of alcohol in the United States, positioned marijuana as an attractive alternative and led to an increase in use of the drug. “Tea pads,” where a person could purchase marijuana for 25 cents or less, began appearing in cities across the United States, particularly as part of the black “hepster” jazz culture.
By 1930 it was reported that there were at least 500 of these “tea pads” in New York City alone. During the Great Depression as unemployment increased, resentment and fear of the Mexican immigrants became connected to marijuana use. Numerous research studies linked marijuana use by lower class communities with crime and violence. In 1937, Congress passed the Marijuana Tax Act which criminalized the drug. From 1951 to 1956 stricter sentencing laws set mandatory minimum sentences for drug-related offenses. In the 1950s the beatniks appropriated the use of marijuana from the black hepsters and the drug moved into middle-class white America in the 1960s.
The increasing use of marijuana by mainstream white Americans helped lead to the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, under which mandatory penalties for drug offenses were repealed by Congress and marijuana was categorized separately from other narcotics. The National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) was founded the same year.
In the late 1970s, President Carter’s administration, including his assistant for drug policy, Dr. Peter Bourne, pushed for decriminalization of marijuana, with the president himself asking Congress to abolish federal criminal penalties for those caught with less than one ounce of marijuana. A grassroots parents’ movement responded by lobbying for stricter regulations and was instrumental in changing public attitudes.
In 1986, President Reagan signed the Anti-Drug Abuse Act, reinstating mandatory minimums and raising federal penalties for possession and distribution. In 1996, California enacted Proposition 215, which legalized medical marijuana use for people suffering from AIDS, cancer, and other serious illnesses and a similar bill was passed in Arizona the same year.
Current domestic marijuana cultivation trends are towards indoor production due to law enforcement efforts to curtail outdoor cultivation. The majority of foreign marijuana is supplied by trafficking organizations in Mexico, although countries in the Far East, such as Thailand and Cambodia, also supply the United States.
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